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Basic Roman Numerals (1–3,999)

Symbol	Value	Examples
I	1	I = 1, II = 2, III = 3
V	5	IV = 4, V = 5, VI = 6
X	10	IX = 9, X = 10, XI = 11
L	50	XL = 40, L = 50, LX = 60
C	100	XC = 90, C = 100, CC = 200
D	500	CD = 400, D = 500, DC = 600
M	1,000	CM = 900, M = 1000, MM = 2000

Extended Numbers (4,000–1,000,000)

Note: Classical Roman numerals only go up to 3,999 (MMMCMXCIX). For larger numbers, a vinculum (overline) is used, which multiplies the value by 1,000. This notation was developed later and wasn't used in ancient Rome, but it's commonly accepted for representing larger numbers.

Symbol	Value	Explanation
V	5,000	V (5) × 1,000
X	10,000	X (10) × 1,000
L	50,000	L (50) × 1,000
C	100,000	C (100) × 1,000
D	500,000	D (500) × 1,000
M	1,000,000	M (1,000) × 1,000

Large Number Examples:

4,000IV

5,555VDLV

10,000X

100,000C

999,999CMXCIXCMXCIX

1,000,000M

Conversion Rules

Addition: When a smaller symbol follows a larger one, add the values (VI = 5 + 1 = 6)

Subtraction: When a smaller symbol precedes a larger one, subtract the smaller from the larger (IV = 5 − 1 = 4)

Repetition: A symbol can be repeated up to three times (III = 3, XXX = 30)

Never repeat: V, L, and D are never repeated

Subtraction rules: Only I, X, and C can be subtracted, and only from the next two higher values

Overline (Vinculum): A line above a numeral multiplies its value by 1,000

Frequently Asked Questions

Roman numerals use letters to represent numbers: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000. Numbers are formed by combining these letters using addition and subtraction principles.

This calculator supports numbers from 1 to 3,999,999 using vinculum (overline) notation for numbers above 3,999.

Yes! Use the toggle to switch between a numeric keypad and a Roman numeral keypad. Both support chained calculations.